Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident date

September 7, 2020

Incident Code

RS4520

LOCATION

أريحا , Ariha, Idlib, Syria

Two civilians were killed and up to 24 injured as a result of alleged Russian, Assadi and/or Iranian airstrikes on the town of Ariha on September 7th 2020. One civilian killed in the strike was named as Saeed Zidan Abu Yarub Al Zaidan. @seerij80 reported that he had just graduated from Idlib University and Fajr

Summary

First published
September 7, 2020
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
1 – 2
(1 man)
Civilians reported injured
6–24
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Suspected target
Unknown
Named victims
1 named
View Incident

Incident date

August 14, 2019

Incident Code

RS4031

LOCATION

كفروما, Kafrouma, Idlib, Syria

Two civilians were reported injured in Russian and/or Syrian regime’s airstrikes or artillery strikes on Kafrouma in Idlib on August 14th. @Ahmad_1alshble tweeted “Two civilians were wounded after helicopters targeted with barrel bombs the outskirts of the town of Kafroma in the southern countryside of Idlib.” @amaraldeek and @Ahmad_1alshble blamed the Syrian regime, while Shaam

Summary

First published
August 14, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Suspected target
Unknown
View Incident

Incident date

June 22, 2021

Incident Code

R4326

LOCATION

منطف, Mantef, Idlib, Syria

At least one civilian, a child, was killed and at least two other civilians, a woman and one to two children, were injured in alleged Russian or regime airstrikes on Mantef village on June 22, 2021. According to Syrian Network for Human Rights, “a 17-year-old girl, named as Wafaa Abdul Hamid Qassoum, was killed while two

Summary

First published
June 22, 2021
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
1
(1 child)
Civilians reported injured
2
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
2 named, 1 familiy identified
View Incident

Incident date

July 29, 2021

Incident Code

R4358

LOCATION

طفس, Tafas, Daraa, Syria

At least one civilian was killed and five others were injured in alleged Russian or regime strikes on Tafas on July 29, 2021. @tommycats4 tweeted that “one person was killed and a number of wounded in the city of Tafas, west of Daraa, as a result of artillery shelling on the city by the Assad

Summary

First published
July 29, 2021
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
1
Civilians reported injured
5
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

December 28, 2016

Incident Code

RS1805

LOCATION

سرحا, Sarha, Hama, Syria

An unspecified number of civilians were wounded in alleged Russian airstrikes on Sarha, according to sources on the ground, There was no mention of civilian deaths. @abomohammad441, @HalabNewsN and LCCSY all pointed to Russia as the culprit.    

Summary

First published
December 28, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

September 15, 2021

Incident Code

R4390

LOCATION

بلدة الحمامة, Al Hamama town, Idlib, Syria

At least three children were injured in alleged Russian airstrikes on the village of Hamamah on September 15, 2021. A tweet from @alfuratyalatiqe that three children were wounded in Russian strikes near the village of Al Hamamah and that this was the preliminary result of the attack. @anasanas84 also reported that there were wounded civilians,

Summary

First published
September 15, 2021
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Likely strike
Strike type
Airstrike
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
3
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

November 28, 2021

Incident Code

R4420

LOCATION

معرزاف, Maarzaf, Idlib, Syria

Between four and 10 children were injured in alleged Russian or regime artillery strikes on the town of Maarzaf on November 28, 2021. According to the Syrian Civil Defense, 10 children, all from one family, were injured as a result of laser-guided artillery shelling against civilian homes in Maarzaf. One of the injured children was heard

Summary

First published
November 28, 2021
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
4–10
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
2 named, 1 familiy identified
View Incident

Incident date

January 17, 2016

Incident Code

RS1844

LOCATION

كفر حلب , Kafr Halab, Aleppo, Syria

Three civilians from the same family (a man, woman and their child) died and several more were wounded in an alleged Russian airstrike on Kafr Halab, according to local media. The White Helmets reported that “three people including a child and a woman martyred and others injured in an air raid using two vacuum missiles on

Summary

First published
January 17, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
3 named, 1 familiy identified
View Incident

Incident date

July 7, 2020

Incident Code

RS4509

LOCATION

كنصفرة, Kansafra, Idlib, Syria

Between one and three civilians were injured in alleged Russian or regime artillery strikes on the town of Kansafra on July 7, 2020. A tweet from @BelalBayoush90 reported that three civilians were injured by heavy artillery and rocket launcher attacks on the town of Kansafra, attributing the attack to the regime while @thawrat111 identified two

Summary

First published
July 7, 2020
Last updated
March 5, 2025
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
1–3
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

September 27, 2022

Incident Code

R4472

LOCATION

قرية كلبيت ,ريف ادلب الشمالي,ادلب, Kalbid area, Aleppo, Syria

On September 27th 2022, between two and eight civilians were reportedly injured, including an elderly woman and a young man, when a Russian air strike hit a refugee camp in the Kalbid area, near the Bal al-Hawa border crossing in Syria. One Syrian Civil Defense volunteer, Hamza Al-Jassem, stated after being at the scene, “it

Summary

First published
September 27, 2022
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Likely strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Infrastructure
IDP or Refugee Camp
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2–8
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

February 25, 2023

Incident Code

R4503

LOCATION

النيرب, Al Nerab, Idlib, Syria

At least two civilians and up to three civilians, including one child, one woman, and one man, were reportedly injured in an artillery shelling attributed to either the Syrian regime or Russian forces which hit residential neighbourhoods and “the vicinity of a closed school” in Al Nerab, a town to the east of Idlib, on

Summary

First published
February 27, 2023
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Infrastructure
Education
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
(1 child1 woman0–1 men)
Civilians reported injured
2–3
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

August 9, 2023

Incident Code

R4538

LOCATION

تديل, Tadel, Aleppo, Syria

On August 9th 2023, a civilian was killed and at least one other civilian, a child, was slightly injured, as a result of artillery shelling by Syrian regime and/or Russia forces on the village of Tadel, west of Aleppo. The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights reported that an elderly civilian was killed and a child

Summary

First published
August 9, 2023
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Likely strike
Strike type
Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
1
(1 man)
Civilians reported injured
1–2
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerents
Syrian Regime, Russian Military
Named victims
1 named
View Incident

Incident date

March 9, 2017

Incident Code

RS1955

LOCATION

السلوم, Al Saloum, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

A number of civilians were wounded in an alleged Russian cluster bomb strike on Al Saloum, Aleppo. All sources either blamed Russian warplanes or did not attribute any blame to a belligerent. Additionally, no reports of deaths were made. Smart News reported that there was widespread destruction to residential homes in the aftermath of the raid

Summary

First published
March 9, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

September 24, 2023

Incident Code

R4558

LOCATION

كنصفرة, Kansafra, Idlib, Syria

At least one civilian was seriously injured in the village of Kansafra as a result of artillery shelling allegedly by the Russian Military and/or Syrian regime forces on September 24, 2023. According to Syrian Civil Defense, a farmer was seriously injured by the strikes while he was working in the fig harvest. Additionally, the Civil

Summary

First published
September 24, 2023
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Artillery
Infrastructure
Agriculture
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
1
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Impact
Food
Impact on services or infrastructure relating to education, health or food supply. See methodology note for details.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

March 16, 2017

Incident Code

RS1975

LOCATION

كفركرمين , Kafr Karmin, Aleppo, Syria

Local media reported that three civilians including a child were wounded in an alleged Russian airstrike on Kafr Karmin. The Smart News put the number wounded at three, adding that this total included one child. Numerous other sources reported that Russia carried out the strikes – and published video footage of the aftermath.

Summary

First published
March 16, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
3
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Geolocation
Village
View Incident

Incident date

October 11, 2023

Incident Code

R4598

LOCATION

مرعيان, Marayan, Jabal al-Zawiya in the southern countryside of Idlib, Idlib, Syria

On Wednesday, October 11, 2023, a civilian was injured by an artillery shelling allegedly perpetrated by Syrian regime forces and/or the Russian military in the town of Marayan in Jabal al-Zawiya in the southern countryside of Idlib. According to @baladi Twitter/X user, the injured man was taken to a hospital nearby for treatment. Syria TV,

Summary

First published
October 11, 2023
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Artillery
Infrastructure
Residential
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
1
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

December 28, 2023

Incident Code

R4648

LOCATION

كنصفرة, Kansafra, south of Idlib, Idlib, Syria

A woman was injured by an artillery attack with contested responsibility reportedly perpetrated by the Syrian regime forces and/or the Russian military and/or the Iranian military on December 28th, 2023, in the village of Kansafra located south of Idlib, Syria. Twitter/X user @mzmgr941 reported at 10:15 AM the intense missile bombardment allegedly carried out by

Summary

First published
December 28, 2023
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
1
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Iranian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

April 5, 2017

Incident Code

RS2076

LOCATION

بداما, Bdama, Idlib, Syria

As many as eight civilians were wounded – including women and children – in an airstrike on Bdama. Sources were conflicted as to who was to blame, some blaming Russia and others the Syrian regime. EdlibNN  tweetted that “Russian warplanes bombard the perimeter of the town of Bdama in rural Jisr al-Shughour”. Syria News Desk and

Summary

First published
April 5, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
2–8
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

November 28, 2024

Incident Code

R4713

LOCATION

دارة عزة, main market, Sheikh Mohammad mosque and residential houses in Daret Izza, Aleppo, Syria

Shortly before 8:56 AM on Thursday, 28 November 2024, four civilian men were killed and 21 civilians, among them children, were injured as a result of the series of airstrikes with the reported use of cluster and vacuum munitions allegedly launched by the Russian military and/or Syrian regime forces on the main market, a mosque

Summary

First published
April 3, 2025
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Commerce, Market, Mosque, Religious, Residential
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
4
(4 men)
Civilians reported injured
21
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
4 named
View Incident

Incident date

April 27, 2017

Incident Code

RS2181

LOCATION

معرة النعمانالحامدية, al Hamidiya, near Maarat al Numan, Idlib, Syria

Two civilians were wounded in air raids in Al-Hamidiya in the southern Idlib Governorate, local media reported. The Smart News Agency blamed Russia, reporting: “Two more civilians were injured following Russian raids on al Hamdidiya near maarat al numan [45 km south of idlib] according to the civil defence Facebook site.” The other sources didn’t

Summary

First published
April 27, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Unknown
View Incident

Incident date

June 25, 2017

Incident Code

RS2306

LOCATION

ابو قاطور, Abu Qator, Homs, Syria

A single source reported that “activists pointed out that the raids targeted a prison near the village of Abu Qatour, belonging to the area of Jab Jarrah (about 55 km east of Homs), killing six members of the organisation and wounding four prisoners [civilians] who were transferred to hospitals in Deir Ezzor province.” The source

Summary

First published
June 25, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
4
Airwars civilian harm grading
Weak
Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

July 15, 2017

Incident Code

RS2340

LOCATION

Al Hamidiya, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Two civilians were wounded by alleged Russian airstrikes on the neighborhood of downtown Hamidiya, local sources reported. No further details are currently available.

Summary

First published
July 15, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

September 24, 2017

Incident Code

RS2504

LOCATION

البويب, al Boueb, Hama, Syria

At least two civilians were injured in airstrikes against the village of al Boueb in the Shahshabo mountain in the western Hama countryside. Media blamed Russian warplanes for the raids. The “warplanes” which launched three raids on the vicinity were unidentified by some media. It was reported that the village “[is] inhabited by purely civilians

Summary

First published
September 24, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

February 19, 2019

Incident Code

RS3590

LOCATION

معرة النعمان, Ma'arat Al Nu'man, Idlib, Syria

Two civilians were “lightly injured” in an artillery bombardment of Ma’arat Al Nu’man. While most sources blamed the regime, there was also an allegation against Russia. Footage shows a medical team rushing to the scene immediately after the strike as search operations begin for civilian casualties. None were reported. Another video published shows dogs are

Summary

First published
February 19, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Suspected target
Unknown
View Incident

Incident date

November 7, 2017

Incident Code

RS2702

LOCATION

الشويط, Al-Showeit, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Russian warplanes “targeted the village of Al-Showeit” with more than eight raids, injuring several civilians. Details reported that civilian housing was damaged in the raids. Explosive barrels also allegedly struck the vicinity. There were no reported deaths. No other details at this time.

Summary

First published
November 7, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

December 29, 2017

Incident Code

RS2828

LOCATION

زكاة, Zakat, Hama, Syria

Two to three civilians were injured by alleged Russian aircraft bombing in Zakat, local media reported. Sources all blamed Russian warplanes for the strikes. @HamahNow reported that “one woman and two children” were wounded. Shbaballatamneh3 added that the bombing by Russian warplanes included the use of missiles. According to Arab48, “Russian warplanes launched a series of

Summary

First published
April 29, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
2–3
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

September 27, 2017

Incident Code

RS2547

LOCATION

Bdama, Idlib, Syria

Six people were wounded after an airstrike, believed to be Russian, hit the town of Bdama near Idlib, according to local media. The planes struck several sites holding armed groups, according to media, including Jisr al-Shughour, Bdama, Qunya, al-Sanameh, Yacoubiya, and Abu al-Dahour. There was much material damage. No further details are currently available.

Summary

First published
September 27, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
0
Civilians reported injured
6
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

May 1, 2019

Incident Code

RS3642

LOCATION

القصابية, Al Qassabiya, Idlib, Syria

Halab Today reported that several civilians were wounded by airstrikes in the towns of Al-Qasabiya and Tramla in the countryside of Idlib. While a number of sources reported the airstrikes without citing casualties, Halab Today TV referred to “several wounded” in the attack. Macro Media Center said also that a school was struck by the

Summary

First published
May 1, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Education
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

June 15, 2019

Incident Code

RS3810

LOCATION

حصرايا, Hasraya, Hama, Syria

A single source reported “victims” in an airstrike on Hasraya, Hama, on June 15th. Another source, Shaam News, also alleges the attack, but does not make reference to any civilian casualties. Although victims are reported by Smart News in the “aerial bombardment”, no other information is known at this time with regard to how many

Summary

First published
June 15, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
1–2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Weak
Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Suspected target
Unknown
View Incident

Incident date

March 14, 2018

Incident Code

RS3271

LOCATION

ريف ادلب الجنوبي, Southern countryside of Idlib, Idlib, Syria

The Step News Agency reported “several injuries in the southern of countryside Idlib and significant material damage” as a result of shelling. No further details are currently available.

Summary

First published
March 14, 2018
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
Unknown
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Weak
Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident