Russian Military in Syria

A Russian combat aircraft at Khmeimim airbase in Syria being prepared for action. (Russian Ministry of Defence)

Belligerent
Russian Military
Country
Syria
start date
end date
Civilian Harm Status
Belligerent Assessment
Declassified Documents
Infrastructure

Incident date

September 26, 2016

Incident Code

RS1355

LOCATION

حي بستان القصر, Bustan al Qasr (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

Between three and 13 civilians were reported killed alleged Russian or Syrian regime artillery strikes on the Bustan Al Qasr neighbourhood in Aleppo. According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, “at least three civilians including a child died due to alleged Russian warplanes missiles firing on Bustan Al Qasr neighborhood in Aleppo city” AleppoAMC

Summary

First published
September 26, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
3 – 13
(1 child)
Civilians reported injured
6
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
1 named
View Incident

Incident date

September 2, 2017

Incident Code

RS2416

LOCATION

جب الجراح قرية الدرويشية , Al Darwishiyah village, near Jab al Jarrah, 89 km east of Homs city, Homs, Syria

Thirteen  civilians – including women and children – were killed in an alleged Russian airstrike in Al-Darwishiya in Jab Al-Jarrah, a village under the control of the Islamic State, on September 2nd, according the Smart News Agency. Multiple sources indicated coordination between regime forces and the warplanes. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights,

Summary

First published
September 2, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
13
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

November 5, 2017

Incident Code

RS2681

LOCATION

معيزلية, Ma'izilya, Deir Ezzor, Syria

As many as 13 civilians were killed, including a family of five, and others were injured, following airstrikes on Al-Rifai camp for displaced peoples in Ma’izilya. Sources were conflicted as to who was responsible, with most blaming Russia, however Syrian Network for Human rights was among a few who blamed the Syrian regime. Many sources

Summary

First published
November 5, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike type
Airstrike
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
3 – 13
(10 children1 woman1 man)
Civilians reported injured
2–24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime, Unknown
Named victims
15 named, 2 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

August 28, 2019

Incident Code

RS4086

LOCATION

معرة النعمان, Ma’aret Al Nu’man, Idlib, Syria

In what local media described as “a massacre”, as many as 15 civilians including up to five children and two women died and another 34 were wounded, including women and children, in alleged Russian or regime airstrikes on Ma’aret Al Nu’man after sunset on August 28, 2019. According to the Smart News Agency, 47 civilians

Summary

First published
August 28, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
9 – 14
(2–8 children1–2 women3 men)
Civilians reported injured
12–40
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
37 named, 5 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

June 10, 2019

Incident Code

RS3786

LOCATION

جبالا, Jbala, Idlib, Syria

Thirteen civilians were reported killed in airstrikes on Jbala, Idlib, June 10th. While multiple sources cited thirteen as the number of civilians killed, one source, Step News Agency reported four deaths initially. As understanding of the events unfolded, this same source later stated that death toll had risen to 12. While @abuhuzaifa_  alleged said that

Summary

First published
June 10, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
13
(1–5 children2–3 women)
Civilians reported injured
2–12
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Suspected target
Unknown
Named victims
13 named, 2 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

November 11, 2017

Incident Code

RS2718

LOCATION

المراشدة, al Mrashda, Deir Ezzor, Syria

As many as 13 civilians were killed, including one young man, and dozens more civilians were injured, in airstrikes on al Mrashda, according to local media. Sources either attributed the blame to Russia, or unknown warplanes. The raids which were “believed to be Russian”, allegedly hit a water crossing. There were reportedly dozens or strikes,

Summary

First published
November 11, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
1 – 13
(1 man)
Civilians reported injured
12–24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Unknown
Named victims
1 named
View Incident

Incident date

February 6, 2018

Incident Code

RS2983

LOCATION

عربين, Arbeen, Damascus, Syria

At least three and as many as 13 civilians, including two women, were killed and “dozens” others wounded, local media reported after the city of Arbeen, Damascus, was subject to air and artillery strikes. Sources were conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime. The incident, described as a

Summary

First published
February 6, 2018
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
3 – 13
(2 women)
Civilians reported injured
2–24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

June 29, 2016

Incident Code

RS957

LOCATION

الباب, Al-Bab, Aleppo, Syria

Up to 13 civilians died and as many as 20 more were wounded in alleged Russian airstrikes on Al Bab city, according to local media. Many sources reported that at least seven were killed. Qasioun reported that “Seven civilians were killed and several injured Thursday morning [June 29th], as a result of air strikes on

Summary

First published
June 29, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
7 – 13
(1 man)
Civilians reported injured
2–20
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
7 named
View Incident

Incident date

September 29, 2017

Incident Code

RS2565

LOCATION

حارم, Harem, Idlib, Syria

A multitude of civilians were killed in alleged Russian or regime airstrikes on the village of Harem, close to the Turkish border in Idlib Province, according to local sources. The number of deaths reported varied between sources, ranging from three to 11. All sources reported the killing of a woman and her five children. The

Summary

First published
September 29, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike type
Airstrike
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
3 – 13
(1–5 children1–2 women)
Civilians reported injured
2–24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
7 named, 2 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

January 6, 2016

Incident Code

RS348

LOCATION

زملكا, Zamalka, Damascus, Syria

Up to 12 civilians including three to four children and two women were killed and dozens more injured in alleged airstrikes and an artillery bombardment on Zamalka, according to multiple sources – though reports are conflicted as to whether Russian or Assad regime forces were responsible for the deaths. Shaam News initially reported that four

Summary

First published
January 6, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
12 – 13
(3–4 children1–2 women9 men)
Civilians reported injured
24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
12 named, 2 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

July 16, 2016

Incident Code

RS1012

LOCATION

الفردوس, Al Fardous (Aleppo), Aleppo, Syria

An entire family was killed in a missile attack which took place in the afternoon of July 16th on Aleppo’s Ferdous neighbourhood, according to local media. Sources said that explosive barrels and missiles struck the area, though reports were conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime. Orient news

Summary

First published
July 16, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
8 – 13
(2 children1–3 women3 men)
Civilians reported injured
20
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Unknown, Syrian Regime
Named victims
6 named
View Incident

Incident date

January 16, 2016

Incident Code

RS413

LOCATION

منبج, Manbij, Aleppo, Syria

Five to 13 civilians including six children were killed in alleged Russian airstrikes on Manbij, according to local sources. The Syrian Network for Human Rights reported that at least three non-combatants were killed, including two children, when suspected Russian warplanes shelled Manbij on January 16th. But the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights – also blaming

Summary

First published
January 16, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
5 – 13
(6 children1 woman2 men)
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
10 named, 3 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Incident Code

RS1615

LOCATION

كفربطنا, Kafr Batna, Eastern Ghouta, Damascus, Syria

A number of civilians were killed and wounded in an airstrike on Kafr Batna, Eastern Ghouta, according to local media – though reports were conflicted as to which belligerent was responsible for the event. Similar to most other sources reporting on this event, @kafrbatna2011 did not identify the warplanes responsible, they did however report that

Summary

First published
November 17, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
4 – 13
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

March 7, 2017

Incident Code

RS1948

LOCATION

مسكنة, Maskanah, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Between 10 and 13 civilians, including children, were killed and up to another nine were wounded as airstrikes on Maskanah, Aleppo, local sources reported – though reports were conflicted as to whether this was the work of Russia or the Assad regime. Sources reported between 10 and 13 civilian casualties, however, most said there had

Summary

First published
March 7, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
10 – 13
Civilians reported injured
2–9
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

September 16, 2017

Incident Code

RS2453

LOCATION

طابية جزيرة , Tabya Jzaeera, near Al Sekka, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Five members of one family were among those killed in an alleged Russian bombardment on the village of Tabiya Jazira, east of Deir al-Zour, local sources reported. The Ismail al-Jadan family died when four shells hit the area of the town near the railway, Syrian Press Centre said.  A total of 13 civilians were reportedly

Summary

First published
September 16, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
5 – 13
(2 women)
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
2 named
View Incident

Incident date

December 8, 2015

Incident Code

RS243

LOCATION

كفر حمرة, Kafr Hamra, Aleppo, Syria

Eight to 13 civilians including three women and three children were reported killed – and dozens injured – in an airstrike on Kafr Hamra according to multiple sources. Reports were conflicted as to whether the attack was the work of Russia or the Assad regime. The Shaam News Network said Russian forces were responsible and had pounded

Summary

First published
December 8, 2015
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
8 – 13
(3 children3 women1–2 men)
Civilians reported injured
12–24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Unknown, Syrian Regime
Named victims
8 named, 1 familiy identified
View Incident

Incident date

October 7, 2017

Incident Code

RS2611

LOCATION

خان شيخون, Khan Sheikhoun, Deir Ezzor, Syria

At least five and as many as 13 civilians, including children and women, were killed and between six and eight were left wounded following alleged Assad or Russian-waged airstrikes on residential areas in Khan Sheikhoun, Deir Ezzor, local sources reported. Most sources reported the death of five civilians. However, a total of seven victims were identified

Summary

First published
October 7, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
5 – 13
(1–4 children2–3 women2–3 men)
Civilians reported injured
6–8
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
15 named, 2 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

November 17, 2016

Incident Code

RS1616

LOCATION

سقبا, Saqba, Eastern Ghouta, Damascus, Syria

Likely four, but up to 13 civilians were killed in airstrikes on Saqba, Eastern Ghouta, according to local media. It remains unclear who was responsible for the raid, with conflicting reports. Some sources claimed that Russian warplanes were responsible, others attributed responsibility to the regime and some could not positively identify warplanes. Most sources put

Summary

First published
November 17, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
4 – 13
(2–1 children1 woman2 men)
Civilians reported injured
2–10
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
4 named
View Incident

Incident date

September 20, 2017

Incident Code

RS2481

LOCATION

قلعة المضيق, Kala'at al Madeeq, Hama, Syria

Between six and 12 civilians, including between two and three children and two women, were killed and between five and 37 others were injured in alleged Russian or Syrian regime airstrikes against the town of Kala’at al Madeeq in central Syria according to local sources. Smart News initially reported that eight civilians were killed but

Summary

First published
September 20, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike type
Airstrike
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
6 – 12
(2–5 children2–3 women)
Civilians reported injured
8–40
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
12 named
View Incident

Incident date

March 8, 2018

Incident Code

RS3203

LOCATION

دوما, Douma, Damascus, Syria

Between nine and 11 civilians were killed and others were wounded in air and artillery strikes on Douma, local media reported. Sources blamed both Russian warplanes and the Syrian regime for the raids. There were between four and 15 raids on the vicinity, with more than 20 artillery shells fired onto the residential neighbourhood. As

Summary

First published
March 8, 2018
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Contested strike
Strike type
Airstrike and/or Artillery
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
9 – 11
(3–4 women5 men)
Civilians reported injured
2
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
10 named
View Incident

Incident date

December 6, 2016

Incident Code

RS1753

LOCATION

Aguil, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Between two and 12 civilians were killed, and others were wounded, in alleged Russian raids on Aguil, Aleppo. All sources blamed Russian warplanes for the alleged raids.  Only one source put the death toll as high as 12, one other putting it at two and most others four. According to sources, vacuum missiles were used in

Summary

First published
December 6, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
2 – 12
Civilians reported injured
2
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

July 10, 2019

Incident Code

RS3888

LOCATION

بلدات متعددة في أدلب, Several town in Idlib, Idlib, Syria

A single source reported that “12 civilians were killed and dozens were injured by airstrikes by Al Assad and the Russian military and helicopter gunships on the towns and villages of Idlib countryside”. The source added that many of the wounded were injured in raids on the cities and towns of Khan Sheikhaon, Ma’arat Al

Summary

First published
July 10, 2019
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike status
Single source claim
Strike type
Airstrike
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
12
Civilians reported injured
12–24
Cause of injury / death
Heavy weapons and explosive munitions
Airwars civilian harm grading
Weak
Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
Suspected belligerents
Syrian Regime, Russian Military
Suspected target
Unknown
View Incident

Incident date

June 15, 2016

Incident Code

RS907

LOCATION

Castello Road, Aleppo, Syria

Between three and twelve civilians died in alleged aerial bombardment on the Al Castillo road, “the only entry point into the city” of Aleppo, as reported by HalabToday TV. Fifteen civilians were suspected wounded during the attack, news of which came amdist reports of various neighbourhoods affected, namely: al Maysar, Bani Zeid, Altarab,  Bab al-Nairab,

Summary

First published
June 15, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
3 – 12
(2 women)
Civilians reported injured
15
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
View Incident

Incident date

December 7, 2016

Incident Code

RS1770

LOCATION

حي الكلاسة , Al Kalassa neighbourhood, Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria

Twelve civilians died in an alleged Russian airstrike on Aleppo’s Al Kalassa neighbourhood, local media reported. According to the Syrian Network for Human Rights, “12 victims died in suspected Russian warplanes missiles fired on Al Kalasa neighborhood in Aleppo city, December 7, 2016.” LCCSY also put the death toll at 12 and blamed Russia. Halab

Summary

First published
December 7, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
12
Civilians reported injured
2–10
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
1 named
View Incident

Incident date

October 20, 2015

Incident Code

RS062

LOCATION

كفر تخاريم, Kafr Takharim, Idlib, Syria

A reported Russian airstrike on an empty school complex allegedly killed up to a dozen people, according to reports. Reporting from Sarmin, Orient News reporter Abu Mahmoud described the event: “Russian occupation forces targeted the town of Sarmeen with steric missiles. The target was a children’s school.. they are two schools next to each other,

Summary

First published
October 20, 2015
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Infrastructure
Education
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
12
Civilians reported injured
10
Airwars civilian harm grading
Weak
Single source claim, though sometimes featuring significant information.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

January 25, 2016

Incident Code

RS459

LOCATION

ترمانين, Termanin, Idlib, Syria

12 civilians including four to five children and five women were killed – and 20 others injured – in airstrikes on Termanin, according to multiple sources. The Syrian Network for Human Rights also said that the target of the strike, a military commander of an Islamic battalion, was a 13th victim. The Syrian Network for Human Rights

Summary

First published
January 25, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
12
(4–5 children5 women)
Civilians reported injured
20
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
View Incident

Incident date

October 2, 2017

Incident Code

CS1563 RS2588

LOCATION

بقرص فوقاني, Bokros Foqani, Deir Ezzor, Syria

Between 10 and 12 civilians, including an entire family, died in an airstrike on Bokros Foqani, local media reported. The culprit is currently unclear, though Airwars understands that the Coalition was not bombing in this territory at the time, while Russia reportedly was. Some sources also attributed the blame to the Syrian regime.  According to

Summary

First published
October 2, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Strike type
Airstrike
Infrastructure
Education
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
10 – 12
(3 children1–4 women3 men)
Civilians reported injured
2–30
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
US-led Coalition, Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
9 named
View Incident

Incident date

April 24, 2017

Incident Code

RS2164

LOCATION

كفر تخاريم, Kafr Tkharim, Idlib, Syria

Between two and 12 civilians were killed – and four were wounded – in an airstrike on Kafr Takharim hospital, local media reported. All sources blamed Russian warplanes for the raid.  It must be noted there were two separate airstrikes on Kafr Tkharim on the 24th April 2017. One occurred in the mountainous region of al Duweila, and

Summary

First published
April 24, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Infrastructure
Healthcare
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
2 – 12
Civilians reported injured
4
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
1 named
View Incident

Incident date

July 24, 2017

Incident Code

RS2365

LOCATION

معدان , Ma’dan, Raqqa, Syria

At least two named civilians and as many as dozens more died in an alleged Russian airstrike on Ma’dan, according to sources on the ground. Reports said that two families were among those killed, adding that dozens more civilians were wounded in the attack which reportedly struck camps for displaced persons in Ma’dan. Sources named multiple

Summary

First published
July 24, 2017
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
2 – 12
(2 children)
Civilians reported injured
12–24
Airwars civilian harm grading
Fair
Reported by two or more credible sources, with likely or confirmed near actions by a belligerent.
Suspected belligerent
Russian Military
Named victims
10 named, 2 families identified
View Incident

Incident date

November 16, 2016

Incident Code

RS1594

LOCATION

الشعار, Al Shia'ar , Aleppo, Syria

Up to twelve civilians died following alleged Russian or Assad regime airstrikes on the Al Shia’ar neighbourhood of Aleppo, according to local media. According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, cited in Welat-press, “helicopters of the Syrian regime targeted the [neighbourhood with] explosive barrels on Wednesday morning, resulting in a number of wounded”. The majority of

Summary

First published
November 16, 2016
Last updated
December 15, 2024
Infrastructure
Healthcare
Civilian harm reported
Yes
Civilians reported killed
7 – 12
(5 children1 man)
Civilians reported injured
5–30
Airwars civilian harm grading
Contested
Competing claims of responsibility e.g. multiple belligerents, or casualties also attributed to ground forces.
Suspected belligerents
Russian Military, Syrian Regime
Named victims
1 named
View Incident